The sunny French Riviera city of Nice reveals an Italian flair, while Strasbourg in the east of France has German-influenced cuisine, and Lille in northern France features the Flemish architecture of neighboring Belgium. GDP - Nominal: $2.63 trillion; GDP per Capita: $39,257; GDP - Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): $2.95 trillion; France is the 7th largest economy in the world. Be sure to try the fresh-caught fish. Browse Guardian Holidays to find a range of fantastic trips, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. China retains its title as the country with the most cities in the top 10, with Shenzhen moving up one spot to No. The city's liveliest avenue, the broad tree-lined Cours Mirabeau, invites visitors to take a leisurely stroll and then relax at one of the avenue's restaurants or outdoor cafs. There are also several gorgeous public parks that are well designed for leisure. Lyon's history goes back to the height of theRoman Empire, when Lyon (known then as Lugdunum)was a major city. 1. Accomodation: Where to Stay in Saint-Malo. Situated close to the eastern border with Germany, the city is part of the Alsace region of France. Its GDP for 2013 is estimated to be $669.2 billion. With all that taken into account, let's see which are the 10 richest countries in the world by 2015 GDP: 10. 3,230. Visitors can experience local dining at one of the city's many "bouchons," cozy brasserie/bistro restaurants that serve traditional Lyonnais fare. Bernard Arnault is a French billionaire investor, businessman and art collector. On the banks of the River Lot, Estaing is dominated by its 11th-century castle. The Tourist Office in Aix-en-Provence provides brochures for the trail, called "In the Steps of Czanne," and also offers guided tours of the Czanne Trail. The atmospheric historic center, known as L'cusson, is full of trendy cafs and restaurants hidden within its labyrinth of medieval cobblestone streets. Houses have traditional pantiled roofs and Romanesque windows. New York City is the second richest city in the world in 2022 followed by Los Angeles City. However, Marseilles remains off-the-beaten tourist path compared to the nearby postcard-perfect destinations of Provence, such as the fishing village of Cassis and the quintessential Provenal town of Aix-en-Provence (both are great day trips from Marseilles). The facade, an intricately sculpted confection of red Vosges sandstone, depicts figures from the bible. Shanghai, China: $633.935 Billion. One of the world's iconic cities, the French capital, firmly belongs at the top of our list. An especially unusual place is Les Hortillonnages, 300 hectares of canals and swampy islands where marshland gardens flourish. The entire center of Strasbourg, the Grande-le district, is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 3,165. Major sectors there include financial services, telecoms, retail, tourism and basic materials. Nguyen, Tuan C. "The Top 10 Major Cities in France." In fact, half of the citys population is under 35. French cities are well designed to receive visitors, with plenty of tourist services. Tokyo, Japan 5. Johannesburg. The Top 10 Major Cities in France. Recovery was slow, but by the 18th century, Toulouse began to modernize. Sharing a cultural heritage with neighboring Belgium, the city's architecture and hearty cuisine reveal the Flemish influence. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Each of these cities has a unique combination of factors that contribute to their success, including a strong economy, advanced technology, a thriving culture, and a high standard . The exhibitions at the Aquarium La Rochelle display thousands of marine species, from Atlantic stingrays and Mediterranean octopus to Caribbean angelfish. With a population of 2.2 million,Paris is by far France's largest city. The showplace of Nancy is the Place Stanislaus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site featuring magnificent Neoclassical palaces built between 1752 and 1760. 1. Tokyo is home to many multinational corporations and financial institutions, making it a hub for global . An astounding assortment of European paintings, including masterpieces by Delacroix, Rubens, and Vronse, grace the museum walls, while other galleries display Egyptian antiquities and ancient Roman coins. But the elegance of Paris is equally accessible simply by taking strolls through the city's formal gardens and along the Grands Boulevards, including the Avenue des Champs-lyses, the Avenue Montaigne, and the Boulevard Haussmann. This impressive 13th-century structure features soaring twin towers and an elaborately sculpted facade, which Claude Monet depicted in a celebrated series of paintings. With such a wealth of wo Written by Lisa Alexander Updated Feb 15, 2022We may earn a commission from affiliate links (). Connectedto London via the Channel Tunnel and the rest of the world by its major international airports, Paris sees upwards of 16 million international visitors a year. The East India Companys offices still stand on the village square, as well as 17th-century merchants dwellings. The countryside lends itself to hiking, mountain biking and caving. Accommodation: Where to Stay in Montpellier. Auvillar is also known for pottery, and a collection of earthenware can be seen at the Muse de la Faence off the square.Eat Cosy Le Petit Palais has outdoor tables and home-cooked food. The riverfront area also has bustling restaurants with terraces for al fresco dining. It should come as no surprise that Paris is the richest city in France. Well known for its distinct and coveted namesake wine, Bourdeaux is considered the wine capital of the world. 2 Lyon, France As romantic as Paris can be France has much more to offer than just the Eiffel Tower and baguettes. Here are the top 10 richest places in the U.S., according to Bloomberg: 1. For the past few years, Denmark has been among the top 3 happiest countries on the planet. High on a rocky outcrop above the Aveyron and Vre rivers sits Bruniquel and its two medieval castles, surrounded by wooded countryside. The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities may be classified using the same criteria. The 16th-century Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle has stained-glass windows by 20th-century painter Alfred Manessier. For local history, check out the Muse du Dolder in its 13th-century tower (great views). This building, Unesco-listed since 1998, has an octagonal bell tower and restored frescoes. Village events include the international Musique-Cordiale festival (9-17 August) and an olive festival at the end of November.Eat At Chez Hugo, chef Hugo and his brother Stphane offer a twist on bistro classics, with mains from 15.50. The long-time rival to Bordeaux has since re-invented itself as a European capital of the aerospace industry. Biarritz: rugby and rugged coasts 5. The top 10 cities in the area had a median home value between $197,000 and $365,000. A prestigious art collection, including many masterpieces of European painting by the Old Masters, hang from the walls of the Muse Fabre. Lautrec is the centre of pink garlic farming, and there are regular garlic markets.Eat Book ahead for a table at Auberge Le Garde Pile a traditional restaurant in a beamed, 300-year-old building try the pink garlic soup.Stay Just outside the village, Cadalen is a beautiful 14th-century house with four guest rooms (doubles from 115) filled with antique furniture. In the weeks leading up to Christmas, holiday decor adds a touch of magic. The main Place de la Libert, with its 150-year-old plane tree, 18th-century covered market and fountains, is magical for lazy evenings on cafe terraces. The waterfront best reveals the city's cosmopolitan vibes. Image: Jrmy Barande/ Wikimedia. The lavish interior features glittering chandeliers and a staircase modeled after the one at the Palais Garnier. Eat Ltape dAngline serves regional cuisine with a menu du terroir including snails, duck and veal for 21. Little remains of the 9th-century abbey, but the present 11th-century building is a Unesco world heritage site. Nearby are the Thieves Tower museum, with dungeons and torture chamber, and the Maison de Vigneron, with old winemaking equipment. Beginning in the 1880s and through the 20th century, artists have been drawn to the natural beauty of Nice. Discover destinations, find outdoor adventures, follow the journeys of our travel writers around the world, and be inspired. The town became a favourite with artists early last century, thanks to US portraitist Alfred Klots, who bought the castle and started a tradition of floral window boxes that continues today. The liveliest area of the Quartier Bouffay is around the Place du Bouffay. Dallas. Outside le-de-France, the 12 other regions of Metropolitan France show remarkably little disparity in their GDPs per capita. Within the UNESCO-listed historic center, an abundance of architectural treasures reveal the city's aristocratic heritage. Stay Hotel LHorloge next to the bell tower, is a restaurant that holds a weekly organic market and a hotel with 10 comfortable rooms from 62 room-only. Trout and chicken (around 16) are staples, and the views are amazing.Stay La Tour Charlemagne has a pool and four rooms in a 17th-century tower from 100 B&B. Summer brings concerts and outdoor theatre. At the heart of Dijon are the Cathdrale Saint-Bnigne, a splendid Burgundian Gothic monument, and the Palais des Ducs, which was the residence of the Dukes of Burgundy during the Middle Ages. Moustiers is a lively place, with regular markets and lots of places to eat. The long-time rival to Bordeaux has since re-invented itself as a European capital of the aerospace industry. 15) Othman Benjelloun (Morocco) Net worth: $1.3 billion (2021) Age: 88. France . Toulouse was among the wealthiest cities in France, but the economy took a major hit when a cheaper alternative pigment, indigo, was introduced from India. Photo by Jordan Plihal. In the NCR, Quezon City is the wealthiest with assets of P452.33 billion followed by Makati with P238.46 billion, Manila with P76.54 billion, Pasig with P49.51 billion and Taguig with P30.68 billion. New York, USA 10. It has a GDP of $1,732 billion as of 2021. London and Paris are the major and richest cities in Europe with a GDP of US$835 billion and US$822 billion respectively. The former school can be visited too. Amalfi This charming small town on the Amalfi Coast has dramatic clifftop and ocean views. In addition to its most famous export, Bordeaux is also home to 362 national heritage sites, designated as monuments historiques. But according to the population, here in 2020, there is more than 23 crore population. The Muse des Beaux Arts ranks only behind the Louvre in terms of its exceptional fine arts collection. New York is the wealthiest city in the worldhome to 345,600 millionaires with a total private wealth that exceeds $3 trillion. Toulouse boasts interesting tourist attractions, including two remarkable churches: the UNESCO-listed Basilique Saint-Sernin, a Romanesque church (dating to the 11th century), which was on the Way of Saint James route to Santiago de Compostela; and the Couvent des Jacobins, which has a breathtaking high-vaulted church and a peaceful cloister featuring colonnaded arcades. Accommodation: Where to Stay in Marseilles. Top current 10 richest cities in Europe: Luxembourg, Luxembourg Groningen, the Netherlands Ingolstadt, Germany Dsseldorf, Germany Bratislava, Slovakia Paris, France Heilbronn, Germany. These are the 10 richest cities, and the salary a person would need to live comfortably in each of them: 1. Pinpoint the top places to visit with our list of the best cities in France. 3. 15 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in France, 29 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Paris, 14 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions & Things to Do in Nice, 10 Best Places to Visit in France in Winter, 20 Best Places to Visit in the South of France, 14 Top-Rated Beaches in the South of France, 17 Top-Rated Beach Destinations in France, 15 Best Places to Spend Christmas in Europe, 11 Top-Rated Things to Do in Bay City, MI, 16 Top-Rated Things to Do in Brattleboro, VT, 22 Best Places to Visit in the United States, 21 Best Luxury All-Inclusive Resorts in the World, Where to Stay in Paris: Best Areas & Hotels, Where to Stay in Nice: Best Areas & Hotels, Where to Stay in Lyon: Best Areas & Hotels, enjoyable things to do while visiting Bordeaux, Where to Stay in Bordeaux: Best Areas & Hotels, villages and medieval towns of the Alsace region. Traces of its prosperous history (also linked to slate mining) can be seen in the upper village, with its covered market, 12th-century church, medieval castle, 19th-century chateau, and 16th- and 17th-century mansions. It also has five guest rooms from 64 B&B.Stay La Maison DAux has just two guest rooms (from 95 B&B) in an 18th-century house with a pool. 2. 6 and No. In 2011, France (whose territory in the national accounts refers to Metropolitan France plus the four old overseas regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and Runion, but excludes Mayotte and the six overseas collectivities) had a GDP of US$2,778 bn, 98.2% of which was produced in Metropolitan France, and 1.8% in the four overseas regions. Enter Lyon which is the third-largest city in the country. An entrance to caves used for shelter during times of trouble lies under the main square, Place de la Halle the 450-metre network of tunnels can be explored, and a glass-fronted lift takes you up the cliff face to street level afterwards. Painter Toulouse-Lautrecs family came from this medieval village in Tarns Pays de Cocagne. If you're thinking of moving to one of these towns, you'll probably need to start . Fine-dining restaurants and designer boutiques provide a taste of Paris refinement, as do the ballet, opera, and classical music performances at the opulent Palais Garnier opera house. Another claim to fame is the town's association with Joan of Arc. The village has charmed many famous painters, including Camille Corot and Eugne Boudin, and charcoal portraits of artists and villagers, sketched by candlelight, are on display at the Auberge des Soeurs Moisy (now a museum), which they frequented. The analysis was conducted by an independent wealth management firm CW Wealth. The major cities of France offer a diverse array of culture, history, and picturesque beauty, from Nice's Mediterranean seaside breeze to Strasbourg's sauerkraut and Christmas markets. Frankfurt is the wealthiest city in mainland Europe and one of the world's top financial centers that is the home of 117,400 millionaires, including 161 centi-millionaires and 14 billionaires. Why that is, I will explain . In the valley below, pines, olive groves and vineyards surround the chapel of Ntre Dame de lOrmeau, with its 16th-century carved altarpiece. Art lovers appreciate Aix-en-Provence for its museums and cultural attractions. For centuries, it has been the cultural and financial hub of the country and for a long time in Europe and the world. Marseille: the bustling ancient port 2. The 14th-century prison is a museum. A billionaire, Arnault is the richest person in the world in 2023 according to the Forbes and Bloomberg Billionaires Index. Travelers could spend an entire week to only scratch the surface in Paris, Nice, Lyon, or Bordeaux, but all the cities on this list are worthy of visiting for a few days. So, what's the richest big city in America according to the data? Click the next ARROW to see the next City! Other top tourist attractions in Reims include the Palais du Tau, a palace that was once the residence of archbishops; the Muse des Beaux-Arts, a fine arts museum with a remarkable collection of European paintings; and the Muse Saint-Rmi, a history museum housed in the former Royal Abbey of Saint-Rmi. Overseas, only Saint Barthlemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and New Caledonia have GDP per capita at the level of Metropolitan French regions. Lyon is known as the gastronomical capital of France, as its streets are lined with gourmet eateries. Paris Paris has a current population of around 12,292,895 people, made up of native French, Algerians, Portuguese, Morrocans, Tunisians, and other ethnic groups and nationalities. Bordeaux: France's wine capital 3. The San Francisco Bay Area - which includes Silicon Valley - rounds out the top three wealthiest cities, with 276,400 rich individuals, 12,890 of whom are multi-millionaires. Discover the unique character and personality of each of these cities then start saving up for a plane ticket. During eight centuries, the Cathdrale Notre-Dame de Reims witnessed the coronation ceremonies for the kings of France. While its global influence has waned, Lyon remains a place of immense historical and cultural import, from the winding passageways of its Renaissance district (Vieux Lyon) to its striking modernist landmarks. Its 2,500 residents have more more than 46,000 available to them every year, higher. Ramparts, fortified gates and towers - which served as prisons, first for the Templars in. There's more to France than Paris. Not to be missed is the Vieille Ville of Grenoble, the quaint historic center of the city. The list of the top twenty wealthiest communes in France is dominated by Paris and its suburbs. All other overseas regions and collectivities have GDP per capita noticeably lower than the Metropolitan French regions. The 14th-century Eglise Collgiale Saint-Rmy, the Benedictine convent which became the town hall after the French Revolution, and 17th-century La Salette windmill are must-sees, while a botanical trail takes in panoramic views. In rolling countryside close to the Vercors massif, the abbey of Saint-Antoine watches over the village that bears its name. Provence- Alpes- Cte d'Azur Corsica French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Runion Belgium Luxembourg Germany Switzerland Italy United Kingdom Andorra Brazil Suriname Spain Channel Bay of Biscay Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea This article lists French regions and overseas collectivities by gross domestic product (GDP) . These are ten of the most expensive cities in Finland. Events include summer concerts and a medieval fair.Eat Dine on local produce (and buy it) at lheure de lApro ( the seafood platter is a speciality.Stay Le Plican, an inn dating from the 16th century, has doubles from 80 B&B and a good restaurant. A castle once stood at the top of the hill; now marked by a cross. This may not be surprising, considering the U.S. is the world's largest wealth marketit holds over 29% of the world's wealth. Accommodation: Where to Stay in Paris: Best Areas & Hotels. Strasbourg is among the most popular tourist destinations in France, but in some ways the city has more in common with Germany. At the heart of the Grande-le, the Cathdrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg is a spectacular Gothic monument dating to the 11th century, although most of the building was constructed between the 12th and 14th centuries. The village is pretty with its arcaded square and Les Jardins de Coursiana, a botanical garden open from April to October. Dublin is the wealthiest city, with a per capita income of $115,094. A historic village on the Ognon river, picturesque Pesmes is approached via an avenue of 100-year-old plane trees, its 17th-century castle reflected in the calm waters. According to Nerdwallet, the Midwest is the most affordable region when it comes to wealthiest cities. Despite suffering a tough downturn due to the pandemic, Shanghai remains one of the worlds richest cities. Travelers visit Marseilles to soak up the vibrant energy and exotic ambience of this authentic working seaport. Frankfurt in Germany is the second richest city after Dublin with an income of $102,941 per capita. An enchanting warren of cobblestone pedestrian streets and lovely old buildings, the Vieille Ville has many shops, restaurants, and cafs, as well as several top-notch museums. (Video) TOP 10 RICHEST CITIES In The World 2021 (Uncover) Which is the richest city in the world 2022? Other tourist highlights of Strasbourg include the Maison Kammerzell, a gem of Renaissance-era Alsatian architecture; the Romanesque Eglise de Saint-Thomas; and the Muse de l'Oeuvre Notre-Dame, a museum of medieval art. The most picturesque quarter of the Grande-le is La Petite France, a labyrinth of winding cobblestone streets, pedestrian alleyways, and canals traversed by foot bridges. Nearby attractions include 12th-century Abbaye de Snanque (a great example of Cistercian architecture); the Moulin des Bouillons, an ancient olive oil mill; the Muse du Vitrail, which tells the stained glass story; and Bories village, a museum of drystone dwellings. A gate in the medieval fortifications of Domme. Much more than just Paris, France has a number of unbelievably beautiful cities that are waiting to be explored. Top 10 Richest Countries in Europe by total 2020 GDP (current US$ - World Bank) Germany - $3.8 trillion United Kingdom - $2.7 trillion France - $2.6 trillion Italy - $1.9 trillion Russia * - $1.5 trillion Spain - $1.3 trillion Netherlands - $913.8 billion Switzerland - $752.2 billion Turkey - $720.1 billion Poland - $594.2 billion Steeped in history, Marseilles (also spelled Marseille) is the oldest city in France, with a heritage that dates back 2,600 years. One of the most famous attractions is the Strasbourg Christmas market, the oldest and largest Christmas Market in Europe. Humanity's average per capita carbon footprint is roughly 4.7 tonnes per year, but the top 1% of emitters globally logged emissions more than 1,000 times higher than those of the bottom 1% in 2021. Tourists should also be sure to spend time exploring the Quartier Saint-Leu, a medieval quarter and trendy neighborhood, with many restaurants, cafs, art galleries, and boutiques. The Muse de l'Ecole de Nancy also has an enchanting garden, bursting with flowers and adorned with fountains. Because of its rich cultural heritage and commercial importance, Lyon is often called France's "second city." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/major-cities-in-france-4165995. Paris, France 9. Shuttle buses run from the train station in Lens to the Louvre-Lens Museum. Visitors marvel over the ornate exterior and the vaulted interior with its splendid rose window. Montpellier, the seventh largest city in France, is located in the country's southern region. Lyon is considered France's capital of gastronomy. Eat Caf Ttipia is in a lovely riverside spot, with seasonal specialities (from 12) and classics like steak-frites.Stay A pretty hotel and restaurant near the river, Htel des Remparts has doubles from 70 (breakfast 8). Distinctive red-brick buildings have earned the city its nickname "The Pink City" ("La Ville Rose"). The lowest is found in Mayotte, where GDP per capita was slightly less than a quarter of Metropolitan France's level in 2009, although it has been increasing a lot in recent years with the accession of Mayotte to overseas department and region status (and soon outermost region of the European Union, thus eligible for EU structural funds from 2014 on). Biggest Cities In France The Eiffel Tower, a symbol iconic of the nation of France as a whole, rises up from amidst Paris's urban expanse. In conclusion, these are the top 10 richest cities in the world. 2. There is also a self-guided walking tour of the places that Czanne frequented. In the 15th century, the dukes of Brittany poured money into building the striking Gothic church. Indian richest cities 2021. Coveted in the middle ages for its strategic position between Gray on the River Sane and regional capital Dole, it was by turns Frankish, Germanic, Burgundian and Spanish, before becoming French in the reign of Louis XIV (16431715). Lille, the largest city in Northern France, with a population of roughly 234,000, is a favorite weekend destination for visitors from London and Paris. Read Next: Top 10 Richest Cities in the US. Considered by locals to be France's "second city", Lyon has the third largest population in the country with roughly 500,000 residents. Many of Strasbourg's street signs are written in classic German script, and much of the cuisine includes German classics like sauerkraut. Recovery was slow, but by the 18 th century, Toulouse began to modernize. The Muse de Grenoble displays a collection of antiquities, European paintings, Impressionist masterpieces, and modern art in a sleek, bright exhibition space. For instance, you might stop to relax on a park bench in a fountain-adorned square; treat yourself to decadent desserts at fancy pastry boutiques; or listen to street musicians perform on a Seine River bridge. This area constitutes a value of $382,459 million to the total GDP of the entire nation as claimed by a report of 2014. Its history can be seen in its architecture: the 17th-century citadel; the 13th-century ramparts; rue dEspagne, lined with artisans and traders houses; and the gothic Ntre-Dame du Bout du Pont. UNESCO has designated the entire historic center of Bordeaux as a World Heritage Site because of its rich cultural heritage and abundance of architectural treasures. However, the UNESCO-listed Vieux Lyon (Old Town) has retained the old-world charm of centuries past. The Romanesque church of Saint-Pierre and the ruined keep of a castle are highlights. New York City | Photo: Thinkstock. Over the past decades, countries have been getting richer. In the middle ages it was a stopping place on the Camino di Santiago, where Crusaders and pilgrims came to venerate a piece of the True Cross. Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, London, Seoul, Paris, Chicago, Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong. Image Source: Unsplash. A port town since the ancient Roman era, Bordeaux reached its zenith during the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century. History buffs should be sure to visit the Chteau de Tours, an 11th-century monument that has seen momentous events, including the marriage of the future Charles VII to Marie d'Anjou in 1413 and the victorious return of Joan of Arc after the Siege of Orlans. The two-course lunch is good value at 13. This elegant city has over 300 classified monuments, with a majestic twin-towered cathedral at its heart. The Boston Metropolitan Area is constituted by different cities like Boston, Cambridge and Newton. Los Angeles downtown skyline with palm trees in foreground This international city has over 192,000 resident millionaires with 34 billionaires. Auvillar was once an inland port, and the chapel dedicated to Saint Catherine, the patron saint of mariners, can be visited further up the riverbank (check out the frescoes). Richest Resident: Zhang Yiming, $35.6 Billion. Also known the Windy City, Chicago, in the US state of Illinois, first started out as an area occupied by Native Americans. Lyon is located near the Swiss border, 300 miles south of Paris. The fascinating historic town of Colmar, just a 30-minute train ride from Strasbourg, is especially worthy of a detour. The most delightful aspects of Nice are the Promenade des Anglais, the legendary pedestrian avenue that follows the curve of the bay, and the Vieille Ville (Old Town), which has an Italian influence. Tourists enjoy visiting Dijon's mustard boutiques along with Les Halles, a culinary market. The cost of renting a one bedroom apartment for a month is 550.00euros in the main city while the cost of renting a one bedroom apartment for a month is 400.00 euros. Besides top-rated museums and historic churches, hidden surprises are found throughout Paris, allowing travelers to discover the French "joie de vivre." Accommodation: Where to Stay in Nice: Best Areas & Hotels. Some of their paintings are on display in the Muse Matisse, the Muse National Marc Chagall, and the Muse des Beaux-Arts. Start Planning with: 27 Free Things to do in Paris, France Travelers can rely on efficient public transportation, as well as an extensive choice of hotels and other accommodations. In fact, the name of the seaside promenade name reflects this part of its history: Promenade des Anglais, which translates to Walkway of the English. Also, foreign trade is an essential component of its economy.