Functional groups are usually classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on their charge or polarity characteristics. Indeed, they play an important role in energy storage, in the form of polysaccharides . This formula also explains the origin of the term carbohydrate: the components are carbon (carbo) and the components of water (hydrate). A functional group can participate in specific chemical reactions. In triglycerides (fats and oils), long carbon chains known as fatty acids may contain double bonds, which can be in either the cis or trans configuration, illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\). Cellulose fibers and molecular structure of cellulose. Carbohydrates are biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of roughly one carbon atom ( \text C C) to one water molecule ( \text H_2\text O H2O ). Monosaccharides Monosaccharides ( mono - = "one"; sacchar - = "sweet") are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose. They include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl. In some cases, its important to know which carbons on the two sugar rings are connected by a glycosidic bond. Direct link to N Peterson's post A monomer is the smallest, Posted 6 years ago. Most of the carbohydrate, though, is in the form of starch, long chains of linked glucose molecules that are a storage form of fuel. Each of its four hydrogen atoms forms a single covalent bond with the carbon atom by sharing a pair of electrons. The most common disaccharide is sucrose (table sugar), which is made of glucose and fructose. For the formation of molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and DNA, the functional groups that are hydroxyl, methyl carbonyls . Carbohydrate---alcohol and (aldehyde or ketone). Carbohydrates (article) | Chemistry of life | Khan Academy With an atomic number of 6 (six electrons and six protons), the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving four in the second shell. 3. Monosaccharides 2. Some of the important functional groups in biological molecules are shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\); they include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl. But can you build a living organism out of only combustion fuels? This carbon backbone is formed by chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of an element such as nitrogen or oxygen. Overview of carbohydrates, including structure and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Direct link to zita18's post please how comes the phos, Posted 4 years ago. Direct link to RogerP's post Amino groups are polar so, Posted 6 years ago. 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\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Fructose versus both glucose and galactose, Linear versus ring form of the monosaccharides, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, lactose, or dextrose, end with an "-ose.".