In January 2022, unvaccinated adults and those vaccinated with a primary series, but no booster or additional dose, were 12 and three times as likely to be hospitalized, respectively, as were adults who received booster or additional doses. The research was published yesterday in JAMA Internal Medicine. J. Med. Zerbo, O. et al. However, we have no reason to expect a strong association between the absence of NHS number and SARS-CoV-2 variant. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in During the Delta dominant period, the crude incidences of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the first 2, 4, and 6 months of life were lower among infants whose mothers received at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy (0.75, 1.43, and 1.56 infants per 100 person-years [PY], respectively) than those whose mothers were not vaccinated during pregnancy (5.47, 5.10, and 4.78 infants per 100 PYs, respectively). J. Med. 1CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response Team; 2General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; 3California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California; 4Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, CDC; 5Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment; 6Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; 7Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; 8Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health; 9Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia; 10Iowa Department of Public Health; 11Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; 12Minnesota Department of Health; 13New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; 14New York State Department of Health; 15University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; 16Ohio Department of Health; 17Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority; 18Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; 19Utah Department of Health. In this primary design, all eligible infants meeting inclusion criteria were included without sampling which improved power and minimized bias related to selection. Protection during both periods decreased as infants aged. Informed consent was waived because this was a data-only study with no direct contact with participants. Kharbanda, E. O. et al. In King County, Wash., which includes Seattle, unvaccinated people were 13 times more likely to be hospitalized for coronavirus since December than people who were fully vaccinated. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Rates are calculated using the CDC National Center for Health Statistics vintage 2020 bridged-race postcensal population estimates for the counties included in surveillance. IMV status was missing in 1.4% (weighted) of hospitalizations; these hospitalizations are otherwise included elsewhere in the analysis. With wave after wave of SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 patients filled the worlds' hospitals and morgues because not everybody had access to vaccines or were willing to be vaccinated. Suggested citation for this article: Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Anglin O, et al. N. Engl. SARS-CoV-2 delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness. Klein, N. P. et al. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Polack, F. P. et al. The study had limitations worth noting. The average age of decedents was 83.3 years. T.R. Compared with the Delta-predominant period, the proportion of unvaccinated hospitalized Black adults increased during the Omicron-predominant period. Open 5, e2232760 (2022). 3501 et seq. These proportions are lower compared with 47.3% of White persons who received a primary series and 54.5% of eligible adults who received a booster dose. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, Black adults accounted for a larger proportion of unvaccinated adults during the Omicron-predominant period, and age-adjusted hospitalization rates for Black adults increased to the highest rate among all racial and ethnic groups for any week during the pandemic. Office of the Vice President for Research. Risk of hospitalisation associated with infection with SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in Denmark: an observational cohort study. Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccination during pregnancy in preventing hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 in infants. Using Cox regression, the effectiveness of 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine received during pregnancy was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66, 93), 62% (CI: 39, 77) and 56% (CI: 34,71) during months 02, 04 and 0- 6 of a childs life, respectively, in the Delta variant period. 384, 14121423 (2021). part 56; 42 U.S.C. NEW YORK and MAINZ, GERMANY, March 1, 2023 Pfizer Inc. (NYSE: PFE) and BioNTech SE (Nasdaq: BNTX) today submitted an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of a booster (fourth) dose of the companies' Omicron BA.4/BA.5-adapted bivalent COVID-19 vaccine in children 6 months through 4 years of age (also referred to as under 5 years). While Omicron caused a big spike in COVID-19 cases, vaccinated people continued to be less likely to be hospitalized than the unvaccinated. * Overall rates are unadjusted; rates presented by racial and ethnic group are age-adjusted. Vaccination status is not available for Iowa and cases from Iowa are excluded from analyses that examined vaccination status. New charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more severe disease and more hospitalizations, Insider's Catherine Schuster Bruce reported. This is consistent with data showing the incidence of positive SARS-CoV-2 test results or death from COVID-19 is higher among unvaccinated adults and adults who have not received a booster than among those who have received a booster or additional dose (5). According to the Ontario Science Table's online dashboard, the hospital occupancy rate for the unvaccinated was 611 per million unvaccinated people in the province's population as of Jan. 7,. In the present study, the mothers of only 32% of infants in the cohort received at least 2 doses during pregnancy. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Introduction: A rapid increase in COVID-19 cases due to the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants in vaccinated populations has raised concerns about the hospitalization risk associated with, and the effectiveness of, COVID-19 vaccines. During the Omicron-predominant period, peak hospitalization rates among non-Hispanic Black (Black) adults were nearly four times the rate of non-Hispanic White (White) adults and was the highest rate observed among any racial and ethnic group during the pandemic. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infant protection against SARS-CoV-2 during the first six months of life. supervised chart reviews. Mortal. Google Scholar. Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased risk for hospitalization among Black adults during the Omicron-predominant period might also be due, in part, to lower proportions of Black adults receiving both the primary vaccination series and booster doses. of Omicron-infected patients with a high rate of vaccination in China. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7050e2.htm, Adults who completed their primary COVID-19 vaccination series were defined as those who had received the second dose of a 2-dose primary vaccination series or a single dose of a 1-dose primary vaccine product 14 days before receipt of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result associated with their hospitalization but received no additional or booster dose. 189, 13791388 (2020). Among all adults, relative to the Delta-predominant period, COVID-19related illness was the primary reason for admission for a smaller percentage of hospitalizations (87.5% versus 95.5%, p<0.01), and median length of stay was shorter (4 versus 5 days, p<0.01) during the Omicron-predominant period; during this period, the proportion of patients admitted to an intensive care unit, who received invasive mechanical ventilation, and who died in-hospital decreased significantly (all p<0.01). All adjustment variables were selected a priori based on prior work36. Secondarily, we used a Test-Negative Design (TND), which is a case-control study, to compare the odds of vaccination among mothers of infants who tested positive vs. the odds of vaccination among mothers of infants who tested negative. Risk was especially high for people with severe combined immunodeficiency (HR, 6.2). 1). Includes current treatment or recent diagnosis within the previous 12 months of an immunosuppressive condition or use of an immunosuppressive therapy. Percentages presented were weighted to account for the probability of selection for sampled cases (3). 387, 187189 (2022). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that was conducted in Israel's second-largest . the date of publication. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:1328. N. Engl. Relative to unvaccinated hospitalized patients, hospitalized vaccinees were more likely to be older (median age, 70 vs 58 years) and to have at least three underlying conditions (77.8% vs 51.6%). Weekly rates among unvaccinated adults and adults who received a primary COVID-19 vaccination series with a booster or additional dose peaked at 149.8 (January 8, 2022) and 11.7 (January 22, 2022), respectively. The U.K. Health. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children. Razzaghi, H. et al. PubMed A and B, Markers indicate estimates, with vertical lines indicating 95% CIs. 9-14 As of October 2022, 68% of the US population has completed primary series vaccination. N. Engl. conducted all statistical analysis in collaboration with O.Z. Abbreviations: COVID-NET = COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network; ICU=intensive care unit; IMV=invasive mechanical ventilation; LTCF=long-term care facility; NA = not applicable. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.22269045v1, https://data.cdc.gov/Vaccinations/COVID-19-Vaccination-Demographics-in-the-United-St/km4m-vcsb. Published by Elsevier Ltd. However, in contrast with the Norwegian study which reported that infants of mothers who were vaccinated had a 33% decreased risk of testing positive during the first 4 months of life during the Omicron period17, our study found a 13% reduced risk that was not statistically significant. Persons with multiple, unknown, or missing race accounted for 6.9% (weighted) of all cases. However, protection estimates greater than 90% might be too high if individuals with a previous infection were more likely than those without one to come forward for a test for reasons other than suspicion of COVID-19. CIDRAP - Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy CDC graphs show in detail the protection vaccines gave from hospitalization. Vaccines: The CDC recommends that everyone age 5 and older get an updated covid booster shot. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a larger proportion of hospitalized Black adults were unvaccinated. GD declares that his employer UK Health Security Agency (previously operating as Public Health England) received funding from GlaxoSmithKline for a research project related to influenza antiviral treatment. Vaccine effectiveness for 1 dose during the first 6 months of life was 68% (95% CI: 12, 88) (Table2). If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. National influenza and COVID-19 surveillance report: 27 January 2022 (week 4). The code used to analyse the data is available on. These trends could result in epidemic phase bias if infection severity is correlated with time from infection to test. Wkly Rep. 71, 352358 (2022). Another explanation is the presence of a high COVID-19 vaccination rate among studied individuals (more than two-thirds), which is supported by the finding that the majority of patients had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to undergoing vaccination. This correction ensures that there is always a reasonable denominator for the unvaccinated population that would prevent hospitalization rates from growing unrealistically large because of potential overestimates of vaccination coverage. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) As infants aged, protection provided by maternal vaccination decreased during both periods. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. 384, 21872201 (2021). Our additional supplemental analysis suggests that pregnant persons who received at least one vaccine dose before pregnancy should complete their vaccination series during pregnancy to provide protection to their children during the first 6 months of life. The efficacy of COVID 19 vaccines for reducing the risk of severe COVID-19 infection is demonstrated in real life. Adults who completed a primary vaccination series were persons who had received the second dose of a 2-dose COVID-19 vaccination series or a single dose of a 1-dose product 14 days before a positive SARS-CoV-2 test associated with their hospitalization but received no booster or additional dose. mmwrq@cdc.gov. https://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.27.21262356v1. N. Engl. It is not inevitable that viral evolution leads to lower severity. Aircraft wastewater surveillance could be used with traveler-based surveillance to provide an early warning system for COVID-19 and other pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 infections can result in COVID-19associated hospitalizations, even among vaccinated persons. Starting the week ending December 4, 2021, Maryland data are not included in weekly rate calculations but are included in previous weeks. Age was the most important risk factor for COVID-19 death (eg, HR, 31.3 for an 80-year-old vs a 50-year-old). As with previous variants, being vaccinated greatly protects you from severe disease with omicron. of pages found at these sites. Evaluation of acute adverse events after Covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy. We monitored the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (anti-N) and spike protein (anti-S) antibodies in blood donors across Canada from September 2021 to June 2022 in 202,123 . All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. During the study period, home testing became more prevalent. These results suggest that in addition to providing protection against testing positive, vaccination during pregnancy also provides protection against hospitalization (severe disease) in infants during their first 6 months of life as previously reported recently18,19. Nursing home residents have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19; older age, comorbidities, and the congregate nature of nursing homes place residents at higher risk for infection and severe COVID-19-associated outcomes . Vaccination offers the best way to protect against COVID-19 and its complications. Monthly incidence is based on SARS-CoV-2 positive test result date or, if not known, hospital admission date. Morb. Morb. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose, was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose. This can lead to overestimates of first doses and underestimates of subsequent doses, and underestimates of hospitalization rates in persons who received additional or booster doses. All adults should stay up to date (1) with COVID-19 vaccination to reduce their risk for COVID-19associated hospitalization. Implementing strategies that result in the equitable receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations, though building vaccine confidence, raising awareness of the benefits of vaccination, and removing barriers to vaccination access among persons with disproportionately higher hospitalizations rates from COVID-19, including Black adults, is an urgent public health priority. On March 18, 2022, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release. Pregnant women were excluded because their reasons for hospital admission (4) might differ from those for nonpregnant persons. In the Omicron variant period, the effectiveness of maternal vaccination in these three age intervals was 21% (CI: 21,48), 14% (CI: 9,32) and 13% (CI: 3,26), respectively. 40, e137e145 (2021). Rep. 69, 10811088 (2020). During the Delta period, receipt of one dose during the third trimester reduced infants risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by 74% (95% CI: 19, 92) during the first 6 months of life (Table3). "The high hospitalization rates in unvaccinated compared with vaccinated persons with and without a booster dose underscores the importance of COVID-19 vaccinations in preventing hospitalizations and suggests that increasing vaccination coverage, including booster dose coverage, can prevent hospitalizations, serious illness, and death," the researchers wrote. During the study period, the omicron variant experienced a rapidly increasing incidence, whereas the delta variant was experiencing a decreasing or less rapidly increasing incidence. Requests for access to the underlying source data should be directed to UKHSA. The average death rate among Americans over age 65 who contract the flu has ranged between 1 in 75 and 1 in 160 in recent years, according to the C.D.C. Additional limitations include the inability to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines received prior to pregnancy onset. The study provides evidence that a previous omicron infection in triple-vaccinated individuals provides high amounts of protection against BA.5 and BA.2 infections. Thus, this design better adjusts for healthcare-seeking behavior31,32, but it may also introduce other biases including selection bias33. Baxter, R., Bartlett. For infants, we included age, as a categorical time-changing variable in 30-day increments. The study did not adjust for maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy due to the inability of capturing home testing results. as well as other partner offers and accept our. Implementing strategies that result in the equitable receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations, through building vaccine confidence, raising awareness of the benefits of vaccination, and removing barriers to vaccination access among persons with disproportionately higher hospitalizations rates from COVID-19, including Black adults, is an urgent public health priority. Percentages presented for demographic characteristics are weighted column percentages. Thank you for visiting nature.com. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:134754. J. Obstet. Dr. Klein reported receiving grants from Pfizer, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, and Sanofi Pasteur. Still, even with a smaller percentage of people getting severely ill during the Omicron wave, a large number of cases over a short time can lead to a spike in people being hospitalized or admitted . On 13 December, Denmark released data showing that hospitalization rates for people infected with Omicron seemed to be on a par with those for people infected with other variants. Vaccinated patients were older (68 vs. 57 years), and 62% had at least one comorbidity Admission to the ICU was 20%, and the mortality rate at 30 days was 14%. We examined the effectiveness of maternal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection in 30,311 infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from December 15, 2020, to May 31, 2022. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Adults with no documented receipt of any COVID-19 vaccine dose before the test date were considered unvaccinated. Andrews, N. et al. Ainslie, K. E. C., Shi, M., Haber, M. & Orenstein, W. A. If ethnicity was unknown, non-Hispanic ethnicity was assumed. The researchers used the QCovid risk model to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for clinical risk factors. Wkly. We observed a similar pattern in vaccine effectiveness by trimester during the Omicron dominant period, however, estimates of vaccine effectiveness by trimester were imprecise and much lower than during the Delta period (Table3). CAS O.Z., N.P.K., and B.F. conceived and designed the study. VE against hospitalization was not estimated because of the very small number of hospitalized cases. Nature Communications thanks Annette Regan, Olof Stephansson and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. The second study, led by Office for National Statistics researchers in Wales, involved death rates and risk factors in adults in England who had received an mRNA booster at least 14 days before Dec 31, 2021. Sign up for notifications from Insider! For mothers of infants in the cohort, we extracted from the electronic health record data: age at pregnancy onset, self-reported race/ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, Multiracial, Native American, Other, White), the primary KPNC facility at which the woman received most of their health care, insurance payor (dichotomized as Medicare/Medicaid/other subsidized insurance and Other), neighborhood deprivation index [NDI]35 categorized into quartiles with higher values representing greater deprivation), pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI=kg/m2; underweight <18.5, normal 18.524.9, overweight 25.029.9, obese 30.0), pre-pregnancy diabetes status, pre-pregnancy hypertension, and parity (0, 1, 2, 3, 4). New charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that hospitalization rates were much lower among those who were vaccinated even as Omicron was sweeping the nation. SARS-CoV-2 variant data update, England: Version 21. We calculated VE as 100% multiplied by 1- OR. These persons are excluded from the proportions of race/ethnicity but are included in other analyses. TN and NMF were responsible for visualisation. Health and Human Services. Our analysis . The Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia, The Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific, 36-fold higher estimate of deaths attributable to red meat intake in GBD 2019: is this reliable? Finally, we conducted additional supplemental analyses to estimate VE among children whose mothers received at least one vaccine dose prior to pregnancy onset and at least one dose during pregnancy. J. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. and JavaScript. Female sex was a protective factor (HR, 0.52), while residence in a nursing home or low-income area was a risk factor. During the first 6 months of life, 940 (3.10%) infants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and 10 (0.03%) infants were hospitalized with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. The proportion of hospitalized adults who received booster or additional doses increased from 1.3% during the Delta-predominant period to 13.4% during the Omicron-predominant period (p<0.01)***; among these, 10.7% were long-term care facility residents and 69.5% had an immunosuppressive condition. Black adults accounted for 25.2% of all unvaccinated persons hospitalized during the Delta-predominant period; that proportion increased by 23%, to 31.0% during the Omicron-predominant period. It showed that boosters further reduced the risk of hospitalization. However, infants aged <6 months are not currently eligible for any currently available COVID-19 vaccines and must rely on placentally acquired immunity from their mothers. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. TN and NMF validated the data. Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to KPNC members are similar to the broad catchment population in Northern California in terms of sociodemographic characteristics34. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1 When possible, CDC associates a persons primary vaccination series and booster dose with that person. TN, NMF, SFlax, MC, DDA, AMP, and ST conceptualised the work. Methods: One hundred and . Jackson, M. L. & Nelson, J. C. The test-negative design for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Rep. 71, 2630 (2022). Sect. 383, 26032615 (2020). After the emergence of the Omicron variant, the rate of COVID-19 hospitalizations in the United States was 10.5 times higher in unvaccinated adults and 2.5 times higher in those who were vaccinated but received no booster than in booster recipients, according to a new study. Laurie M. Billing and Kenzie Teno report grants from the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists during the conduct of the study. The funders played no direct role in the study. This preceded and had no relation to COVID-19, and GD had no role in and received no funding from the project. Morb. RESP-NET: COVID-19 Associated Hospitalization Rates among Adults Ages 65 Years and Older CDC's Respiratory Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RESP-NET) shows that overall weekly rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations have declined for all age groups from a peak in December 2022.