The concept is complementary to an earth mother. ), A symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as understood in a particular tradition and community. At the early Neolithic (ca. ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, Low Gods Earth or Tutelary deity and High Gods Sky or Supreme deity, AnEarth goddessis a deification of theEarth. Exceptional individuals, highly cultivated sages, and prominent ancestors can be deified and honored after death. Indeed, in the final stage of Mikhailovka the evidence of millet increased, suggesting an increasing presence of C4 plants in the vegetation and/or in the diet. The similarity to nearby modern populations and the low levels of additional genetic material in the Ulchi imply a high level of genetic continuity in this region during the Holocene, a pattern that markedly contrasts with that reported for Europe. ref, The East Asian admixture combines Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. Indo-European language Trees fit an Agricultural expansion from Anatolia beginning 8,000 9,500 years ago. Contemporary Western astrology is often associated with systems ofhoroscopesthat purport to explain aspects of a personspersonalityand predict significant events in their lives based on the positions of celestial objects; the majority ofprofessionalastrologers rely on such systems.ref, Around 5,500 years ago,Science evolves,The first evidence of science was 5,500 years ago and was demonstrated by a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world. Creation myths are of central importance for the valuation of the world, for the orientation of humans in the universe, and for the basic patterns of life and culture., Creation myths tell us how things began. Neither am I claiming to fully know or understand all the possible mythology beliefs that may be represented in the carving at Gobekli Tepe, some seem more straightforward others beyond current understanding, and possibly forever beyond full comprehension. nomadic herders known as the Yamnaya swept into Europe. Today, however, they are seen as symbolic narratives which must be understood in terms of their own cultural context. In the late 3rd millennium BCE, military-oriented stockbreeding societies emerged in Eastern Central Asia (Sayan-Altai and Mongolia). 67005650 BCE) site of atalhyk in Turkey, dates from four pottery sherds also matched the sites known chronology. ref, ref, The first evidence of domestication in the western Eurasia the productive revolution is dated around the 6th millennium BCE; sheep, goats, and cattle bones together with domesticated grains of wheat, barley, and millet, were found in several sites of the Bug-Dniester cultures. Are the Natufians of Israel around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago who you thought they were? Herders moving through those valleys brought southwestern Asian crops into China and eastern Asian crops back the other way, says archaeologist Robert Spengler of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. They found that a larger group of immigrants from the Pontic Steppe changed the genetic make-up of the area. ref, Judaismaround 3,450 or 3,250 years old. We see styles of artifact and burial that are intrusive (meaning unlike older practices) to the new area, in this case the Hungarian Plain and to a lesser extent the Danube Valley. Top image: Top view of the Dolmen of Oberbipp in Switzerland, one of the largest burial sites in the study, where Neolithic remains were studied, revealing clues to the Yamnaya Cultures migration to Europe. km. Creation by the dismemberment of a primordial being. The stockbreeding societies of the steppes often played a key role in Eurasian history., Paganism 5,000 years old: progressed organized religion and the state: related to Anarchism and Socialism (Kings and the Rise of the State), . The term paganism, used by me and some others who are academics, roughly refers to pre-Christian, socioreligious-cultural-based traditions which were polytheistic (worshiped multiple entities), and to me, I speculate also involve elements of Animism, Totemism, and shamanism; which together with polytheism are what I call paganism. Who were the Groups migrating and merging with the previous Groups of Europe 9,000 to 7,000 years ago? Inner Eurasians are scattered across PC1 in between, mirroring their geographic locations. They are generally regared to be the ancestors of all Indo-Europeans, or at least ther linguistic root. Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages. It has long been known that pastoralists, belonging to the Yamnaya Culture from the Pontic Steppe region, in what is now Ukraine and southern Russia, changed the population of Central Europe in the Late Neolithic period. | The role of atalhyk animal seals in Neolithic symbolism: https://www.academia.edu/6041699/Is_it_goddess_or_bear_The_role_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_animal_seals_in_Neolithic_symbolism?email_work_card=title, In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4,500 BC AD 220. dated to around 24,000 years ago, The Gravettian culture (Europe) shared ritual ideas and The Ancient North Eurasian culture (Asia) 24,000 years ago, 24,000 Years Old Sacred Burial of a Siberian Malta Boy, MaltaBuret culture of Siberia and Basal Haplogroup R* or R-M207. Sanskrit and Old Slavonic are very close languages. Atheists talk about gods and religions for the same reason doctors talk about cancer, they are looking for a cure, or a firefighter talks about fires because they burn people and they care to stop them. Its also infinitely more meaningful, and gives us a great deal more insight into the past than simply pointing at the data and hollering, Migration!. Admixture between EHGs and CHGs is believed to have occurred on the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe starting around 5,000 BC, while admixture withEarly European Farmers(EEF) happened in the southern parts of the Pontic-Caspian steppe sometime later. The beginnings of the steppe belt cultures coincide with the Copper Age (5th millennium BCE) and the activation of the Carpatho-Balkan Metallurgical Province. Both clines run into Turkic/Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and Mongolia, and further into Tungusic-speaking populations in Manchuria and the Russian Far East in the East; however, they diverge in the west, one heading to the Caucasus and the other heading to populations of the Volga-Ural area (Fig. Typically for a Neolithic culture, the majority of their diet consisted ofcerealgrains. Yamanayas - Who where they? - Yamnayas Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot: https://www.academia.edu/11382971/In_and_Outside_the_Square_The_Sky_and_the_Power_of_Belief_in_Ancient_China_and_the_World_c_4_500_BC_AD_220_Volume_I_The_Ancient_Eurasian_World_and_the_Celestial_Pivot?email_work_card=title, Kurgan Copper Revolution: https://www.academia.edu/14001057/Kurgan_Copper_Revolution?email_work_card=title, Dynasty 0 Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt, Ancient Egyptian History, Egyptian Predynastic chronology: https://www.academia.edu/31304670/Dynasty_0?email_work_card=title, Absolute chronology of the settlement of the Eastern Linear Pottery culture at Moravany: https://www.academia.edu/24741906/Absolute_chronology_of_the_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Linear_Pottery_culture_at_Moravany?email_work_card=title, Cha Si 48 Pages 2 FilesEgyptology, Mesopotamian Archaeology, Mesopotamia History, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Kurgans, Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt, Uruk Expansion, Uruk Period, Predynastic Egypt, The Narmer Palette, Predynastic Naqada, Eridu. Instead of meeting a single starting point, we encounter an infinity of them, each of which poses the same problem. PIE nominals and pronouns had a complex system of declension, and verbs similarly had a complex system of conjugation. I classify Animism (animated spirit or supernatural perspectives). After the formation of the core Indo-European dialect continuum in this area after ca. culture is significant for its role in the evolution of language. For the steppe component in Indo-Iranians, the Eastern European Corded Ware has been suggested as the mediator of Yamnaya ancestry, . Because there is Art Dating to Around 65,000 Years Ago in Spain? That family includes English, Latin and its descendants, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian, and dozens of others, spoken by billions of people around the world today. Mostly pro-skeptic, I am a rationalist not valuing skepticism. That notion is pure pseudoscience. This admixture was brought to Europe by Mongoloid people via Siberia. ref, Myths: The bible inspired religion is not just one religion or one myth but a grouping of several religions and myths. Material culture - what archaeologists pull out of the ground - isnt the most straightforward guide to understanding how people in the distant past migrated. The Yamnaya (Pit-grave) culture was succeeded in its western range by the Catacomb culture (2800-2200 BCE or 4,821-4,221 years ago); in the east, by the Poltavka culture (2700-2100 BCE or 4,721-4,121 years ago) at the middle Volga. Mikhaylovka I (3600-3400 BCE)had connections to the west,and is related to theKemi Oba culture(3700-2200 BCE) at the Bug-Dniepr area and the Crimea, and seems to have had connections to theMaykop culture(3700-3000 BCE). ref, Genetic structure of landraces in foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) P. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 4.3. Archaeologists call the people who built these mounds representatives of the. With respect toY-DNA, two carried haplogroupG2a2b2a(G-CTS688 and G-PF3330), while one carriedG2a-PF3141andE-CTS10894. Also, recent archaeogenetic studies trace multiple large-scale trans-Eurasian migrations over the last several millennia using ancient inner Eurasian genomes, including individuals from the Eneolithic Botai culture in northern Kazakhstan in the 4thmillennium BCE. To read about a revolutionary technique for radiocarbon dating ceramic artifacts fromatalhyk, go to Carbon Dating Pottery, one of ARCHAEOLOGYs Top 10 Discoveries of 2020. The Evolution of Fire Sacralizing and/or Worship 1.5 million to 300,000 years ago and beyond? Such as:Maria Makilingis the deity who guardsMt. By the early 3rd millennium BCE, they had expanded throughout the PonticCaspian steppe and into eastern Europe. These two cultures were followed by the Srubnaya culture (18001200BCE or 3,821-3,221 years ago). ref, The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and the Pontic-Caspian steppe is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat (original homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language. ref, Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the theorized common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Cultivating the soil (using anardor scratch plough), harvesting crops, and tending livestock was probably the main occupation for most people. The contribution of EEF is more significant in Mediterranean Europe, and declines towards northern and northeastern Europe, where WHG ancestry is stronger; theSardiniansare considered to be the closest European group to the population of the EEF. At the early Neolithic (ca. The first complete mapping of a Neanderthal genome took place about five years ago - supporting the human-Neanderthal hook-up and also showing that Neanderthal DNA in humans is a thing. Please, These migrants from the steppe filled the Hungarian Plain with earthen burial mounds called, , permanent markers of their otherwise ephemeral presence. Latin is not very old language in relation to Sanskrit. There are any number of equally acceptable explanations as to why people in 3rd millennium bc Ukraine share ancestry with those in the rest of Europe that requires no assumption of a migration. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. We atheists too often feel a need to help the victims of mental slavery, held in the bondage that is the false beliefs of gods and the conspiracy theories of reality found in religions. Around 2,400 years ago, the most accepted hypothesis is that the canon was formed in stages, first the Pentateuch (Torah). . First evidence for horseback riding dates back 5,000 years The Kets are thought to be the only survivors of an ancientnomadicpeople believed to have originally inhabited central and southernSiberia. ) 120,000 Years Ago? Yamnaya people were pastoralists who relied on herding sheep, goats, and cattle. This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry.ref, Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal UstKyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP were mixture of 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.ref, Lake Baikal Holocene Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while rest of their ancestry was derived from East Asians. Its not exactly counterintuitive to guess that people from the steppe, whom we identify with the Yamnaya Culture, moved from one place to the other. Ancient DNA reveals how Europeans developed light skin and lactose To study the genetic structure and kin relations in CWC communities, we . In his analysis of the Indo-European household, in Chapter II The House Spirit, Section 1, he states: The belief which guided the conduct of our forefathers was the spirit rule of dead ancestors.ref, It is thus certain that the worship of deceased ancestors is avera causa, and not a mere hypothesis. Overall, our study demonstrates the most deeply divergent connection between Upper Paleolithic Siberians and the First Americans and reveals human and pathogen mobility across Eurasia during the Bronze Age. ref, Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry, The Kets (an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia) are among the least studied native Siberians. Migrants seem to have kept coming for centuries. Religion myths which are nothing more than childlike stories and obsolete tales once used to explain how the world works, acting like magic was needed when it was always only nature. Most, if not all, cultures have attached importance to what they observed in the sky, and somesuch as theHindus,Chinese, and theMayadeveloped elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. This gave them a significant advantage over their rivals. (2009) found it to be present in modern European populations roughly between theRhinecatchment and theUral Mountainsand traced it to a founder effect that falls into the early Holocene period, 7.92.6 KYA.M458 was found in one skeleton from a 14th-century grave field inUsedom, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. I am a revolutionary that teaches in public, in places like social media, and in the streets. Proto-Indo-European was spoken by the Yamnaya people. is the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody the. Changes were initiated including unambiguous evidence of horse riding (prehistoric cavalry) and the introduction of metal weapons such as shafthole axes and spearheads. The words we reach for, fromGodtogravity, are inadequate to the task. (2009) also reports a surprisingly high frequency of M458 in someNorthern Caucasianpopulations (for example 27.5% amongKarachaysand 23.5% amongBalkars, 7.8% amongKaranogaysand 3.4% amongAbazas). ref, HaplogroupN1cis found chiefly in north-eastern Europe, particularly in Finland (61%), Lapland (53%), Estonia (34%), Latvia (38%), Lithuania (42%), and northern Russia (30%), and to a lower extent also in central Russia (15%), Belarus (10%), eastern Ukraine (9%), Sweden (7%), Poland (4%) and Turkey (4%). Beauv.) They originated in Manchuria and carried. To me, themale godseems to have either emerged or become prominent around 7,000 years ago, whereas the now favored monotheismmale godis more like 4,000 years ago or so. Some of it was already present in Russia during the Mesolithic period, but the largest East Asian migration to Europe took place with the arrival of Proto-Uralic people during the Neolithic. Sky Burial and its possible origins at least 12,000 years ago to likely 30,000 years ago or older. (2015, 2018) found that a male hunter-gatherer from Lebyazhinka, Samara Oblast who lived ca. Rational thinkers must examine the facts instead of blindly following beliefs or faith. Refugees fleeing oppression or an environmental disaster look quite a bit different than a group of elite warriors seeking to conquer territory and impose themselves on the current inhabitants. Milk was so important to Yamnaya culture that it is thought to have played a role in the rise of the Yamnaya. Yamnaya is derived from the Yamna horizon, the name given to the late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age sites where Yamnaya remains have been found. Karelia culture: Y-DNA R1a-M417 8,400 years ago, Y-DNA J, 7,200 years ago, and Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297 7,600 years ago is closely related to ANE from Afontova Gora, 18,000 years ago around the time of blond hair first seen there.ref, Inarchaeogenetics, the termAncient North Eurasian(often abbreviated as ANE) is the name given to an ancestralWest Eurasiancomponent that represents descent from the people similar to theMaltaBuret cultureand populationsclosely relatedto them, such as fromAfontova Goraand theYana Rhinoceros Horn Site. In some religious traditions or movements,Heavenly Mother(also referred to asMother inHeavenorSky Mother) is the wife or feminine counterpart of theSky fatherorGod the Father.ref, Any masculine sky god is often alsoking of the gods, taking the position ofpatriarchwithin apantheon. I see all religious people as at least animists, so, all religions have at least some amount, kind, or expression of animism as well. ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, Mesopotamian Tutelary Deities can be seen as onesrelated to City-States, Historical city-states includedSumeriancities such asUrukandUr;Ancient Egyptiancity-states, such asThebesandMemphis; thePhoeniciancities (such asTyreandSidon); the fivePhilistinecity-states; theBerbercity-states of theGaramantes; the city-states ofancient Greece(thepoleissuch asAthens,Sparta,Thebes, andCorinth); theRoman Republic(which grew from a city-state into a vast empire); theItalian city-statesfrom the Middle Ages to the early modern period, such asFlorence,Siena,Ferrara,Milan(which as they grew in power began to dominate neighboring cities) andGenoaandVenice, which became powerfulthalassocracies; theMayanand other cultures of pre-ColumbianMesoamerica(including cities such asChichen Itza,Tikal,CopnandMonte Albn); thecentral Asiancities along theSilk Road; the city-states of theSwahili coast;Ragusa; states of the medieval Russian lands such asNovgorodandPskov; and many others.ref, TheUruk period(ca. Trinity Evolution Started over 30,000 years ago, Maybe? Other types of cereal imprints, such as einkorn wheat, soft dwarf wheat, and barley, have been also found. I heard people say, Slav Ukraine but who are the Slavs? Isaiah 43:10 You are my witnesses, declares the LORD, and my servant whom I have chosen, so that you may know and believe me and understand that I am he. Norimitsu Odachi: Who Could Have Possibly Wielded This Enormous 15th Century Japanese Sword? Nefer Say Nefer - Was Nefertiti Buried in the Valley of the Queens? 30 Likes, 0 Comments - Culture Street (@culture.st) on Instagram: "True Religion [Section Ricky] SOLD Talla 34 [Ancho 47cm x Largo 111cm] Prenda en perfecto" People on the steppe buried their exalted dead in kurgans; kurgans show up later in the Hungarian Plain than on the steppe, accompanied by the same kinds of artifacts we find in burials on the steppe. Most controversial are bone plaques of horses or double oxen heads, which were pierced. "The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and the Pontic-Caspian steppe is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat . How A Handful of Yamnaya Culture Nomads Became the Fathers of Europe 5800 BCE, the crops spread discontinuously across eastern Asia. The term is derived from the Russiankurgan(), meaningtumulusor burial mound. These migrants from the steppe filled the Hungarian Plain with earthen burial mounds called kurgans, permanent markers of their otherwise ephemeral presence. Justified beliefs or disbeliefs worthy of Knowledge? R1a1a1b1a3 [R1a1a1a1] (R-Z284) occurs in Northwest Europe and peaks at c. 20% in Norway. The main mythologies used in comparative reconstruction are Indo-Iranian, Baltic, Roman, and Norse, often supported with evidence from the Celtic, Greek, Slavic, Hittite, Armenian, Illyrian, and Albanian traditions as well. [T]he existence of that worship does not admit of doubt. , which give life to human bodies come from nature and return to it after death. Homo Naledi and an Intentional Cemetery Pre-Animism dating to around 250,000 years ago? Most linguists argue that the PIEs (Proto-Indo-Europeans) did have words for wheel. This type was common in the religions of antiquity, such as theLaresofancient Roman religion, theGashinofKorean shamanism, andCofgodasofAnglo-Saxon paganism. Epigravettians Join the Religious Partying at Gobekli Tepe? Yamnaya households were small, consisting of only two or three families. Some of the people buried in kurgans in Hungary, even those with typically steppe-style artifacts, have exactly zero genetic ancestry from the steppe. Addressing Religious violence, belief in Gods as a motivation for harm? While the rest of their ancestry is derived from the Dzudzuana cave individual dated ~26 kya, which lacked ANE-admixture, Dzudzuana affinity in the Caucasus decreased with the arrival of ANE at ~13 kya Satsurblia.ref, Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer(SHG) is represented by several individuals buried atMotala, Sweden ca. Then the development of religion increased around 600,000 years ago with proto superstition and then even to a greater extent around 300,000 years ago with progressed superstition. Religion and food culture are two closely related topics in the Christian discourse and have been the subject of extensive anthropological research. This scenario is associated with a proposed primary split betweenSiniticin the east and theTibeto-Burman languages, often assigned to theMajiayao culture(53004000 years BP) in the upper reaches of the Yellow River on the northeast edge of theTibetan plateau. Show two:Pre-animism 300,000 years old and animism 100,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism, Show tree:Totemism 50,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism, Show four:Shamanism 30,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism, Show five:Paganism 12,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism. Four groups, Daur, Mongola, Tu and Dungans, are located alongside other East Asian populations and displaced from the three inner Eurasian clines. ref. Show six:Emergence of hierarchy, sexism, slavery, and the new male god dominance:Paganism 7,000-5,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite and their slaves! New Testing Revealed, about First Complete DNA Sequencing Unveils Truth of Pompeii Victim, about How Mixed Ancestries Shaped European Traits, about Decade of DNA Analysis Reveals Astonishing Truths About Our Past, about Genetic Study of Romanian Skull Upends Previous Theories of Evolution, Mother and Child Reunion Of Thetis And Achilles, Seductive Sirens of Greek Mythology and How Heroes Resisted Them, Celestial Goddess Selene: The Ancient Greek Goddess of the Moon, Pegasus of Greek Mythology: Majestic Winged Horse of Mount Olympus, Dreams of Human-Powered Flight: Daedalus and the Story of Icarus. by Damien AtHope | Dec 31, 2021 | Blog | 0 comments, Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians, The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or Malta boy, remains of 24,000 years ago in central Siberia Malta-Buret culture 24,000-15,000 years ago. . Ancient DNA from human remains that are around 45,000 years old has given scientists new insights into human evolution. The steppe_MLBA gene pool was largely descended from the preceding steppe_EMBA gene pool, with a substantial contribution from Late Neolithic Europeans. Ie. There is no definitive archaeological evidence to connect the Yamnaya to the subcontinent. It's calledThe Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World. Over the centuries, Kets and other Yeniseian people suffered relocation, extinction, and loss of language and culture. A main sky goddess is often the queen of the gods and may be an air/sky goddess in her own right, though she usually has other functions as well with sky not being her main. And of course as pointed out, -proto-indo-european is a hypothetical reconstructed language. Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented. ref, Several low-level subgroups have been securelyreconstructed, but reconstruction of aproto-languagefor the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. This series idea was addressed in,Anarchist Teaching as Free Public Education or Free Education in the Public:VIDEO, Our 12 video series:Organized Oppression:MesopotamianState Force and the Politics of power (9,000-4,000 years ago), is adaptedfrom:The Complete and Concise History of the Sumerians and Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia (7000-2000 BC):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szFjxmY7jQAby History with Cy, Show #1: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Samarra, Halaf, Ubaid), Show #2: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power(Eridu: First City of Power), Show #3: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Uruk and the First Cities), Show #4: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (First Kings), Show #5: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Early Dynastic Period), Show #6: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power(King Lugalzagesi and the First Empire), Show #7: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Sargon and Akkadian Rule), Show #8: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Naram-Sin, Post-Akkadian Rule, and the Gutians), Show #9: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Gudea of Lagash and Utu-hegal), Show #10: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Third Dynasty of Ur / Neo-Sumerian Empire), Show #11: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Amorites, Elamites, and the End of an Era), Show #12: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Aftermath and Legacy of Sumer), The Atheist-Humanist-Leftist Revolutionaries. [1] The Proto-Indo-European homeland is often linked to one or more of these cultures. A town in theprovincesmight adopt a deity from within the Roman religious sphere to serve as its guardian, orsyncretizeits own tutelary with such; for instance, a community within thecivitasof theRemiinGauladopted Apollo as its tutelary, and at the capital of the Remi (present-dayRheims), the tutelary wasMarsCamulus.ref, Household deity (a kind of or related to a Tutelary deity), Ahousehold deityis adeityor spirit that protects thehome, looking after the entirehouseholdor certain key members. Later developments of this theme show that in fact the sun is being represented. They used bronze weapons and armor, and they knew how to make and use chariots. And a far-leftist, Anarcho-Humanist.. The settlements of the Botai which consisted of, were relatively large and permanent. It is represented by two individuals fromKarelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual fromSamara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. For the oldest stratum, Indo-Anatolian, the lexical evidence for cereal use is relatively modest, but not zero: we must at least admit the cereal term *(H)ieu(H) and perhaps *h(e)rsd-. Meat was also a significant part of the Yamnaya diet. Studies of Bronze Age steppe populations found the appearance of additional Western Eurasian-related ancestries across the steppe from the Pontic-Caspian to the Altai-Sayan regions, here we collectively refer to as Western Steppe Herders (WSH): the earlier populations associated with the Yamnaya and Afanasievo cultures (often called steppe Early and Middle Bronze Age; steppe_EMBA) and the later ones associated with many cultures such as Potapovka, Sintashta, Srubnaya and Andronovo to name a few (often called steppe Middle and Late Bronze Age; steppe_MLBA). R-M458 is a mainlySlavicSNP, characterized by its own mutation, and was first calledcluster N.Underhill et al. I as everyone, earns our justified respect by our actions, that are good, ethical, just, protecting, and kind. [7] Typically the head and hooves of cattle, sheep, and horses are placed in shallow bowls over the human grave, smothered with ochre.